Abstract
Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are referees, who should be taken into account during the research on the educational value of sport for the youngest. The subject of the present study was handball referees, who interact with the players during matches. Assuming that the referee is an important actor in sport education and that referee–players interactions are the basic mechanism of the referee’s educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of his or her interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years. The research was conducted in a group of 25 handball referees who refereed matches of children in the region of Mazowieckie Voivodeship in Poland. The referees surveyed had current licenses issued by the Warsaw–Mazovian Handball Association. To assess the quality of referee–players interactions, the authors’ direct observation tool (Referee–Players’ Interaction Assessment Scoring System) was used. The educational referee–players interaction was studied in six dimensions: Positive climate, Responsiveness, Behavior management, Proficiency, Instructing, and Communicating. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, Mann–Whitney U test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha values were higher than 0.90 in the factors, showing adequate levels of reliability. The results of the research demonstrated that the assessment of the quality of the referee’s educational influence on players was neither affected by the referees’ experience nor by the outcome of the match. The quality of educational referee–players interactions in five of the six dimensions studied was assessed as average, whereas positive climate was assessed as poor (three-step scale: poor, average, good). If referees are to support coaches and parents in achieving their educational goals, the results indicate areas where they can improve. The research provided empirical evidence that could be used as a basis for the modification of previous training programs for referees developed by local and national sports associations. The referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation), expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts (smiling, engagement, positive affect reaction, positive comments, respectful and inclusive language, using players first names, listening to players). In addition, referees must be taught to actively monitor players’ emotional, cognitive, social, and health needs, as well as to respond to the players’ needs and solve problems.
Highlights
Many actors and institutions are involved in the organization of youth sport
The referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players, expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts
Based on the assumption that the referee is an important actor in sport education, and that referee–players interactions are the basic mechanism of his or her educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of the referee’s interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years
Summary
Many actors and institutions are involved in the organization of youth sport. Teachers of physical education [12,13,14], and tools for the assessment of social and antisocial behavior of players [15,16,17] have been developed so far. Shields et al [18] emphasized that sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for children and young people. It is the behavior and attitudes of adults during training sessions, matches, training camps, etc. Athletes often imitate the behavior of their coaches, parents, or teachers, and take their attitudes, views, norms, and values as their own [19]. These adults include referees, who are often forgotten in studies of the educational values of youth sport
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