The Reduction of the Combined Effects of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A in Piglet Livers and Kidneys by Dietary Antioxidants

Roua Gabriela Popescu,Anca Dinischiotu,Sergiu Emil Georgescu,Daniela Eliza Marin,Sorin Avramescu,Ionelia Țăranu

doi:10.3390/toxins13090648

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on protein expression and catalytic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A29 and GSTA1 and the preventive effect of dietary byproduct antioxidants administration against these mycotoxin damage. Three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C) of piglets after weaning (TOPIGS-40 hybrid) were fed with experimental diets for 30 days. A basal diet containing normal compound feed for starter piglets was used as a control treatment and free of mycotoxin. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1—basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal), E2—the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1) and E3—basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform microsomal fraction isolation, followed by protein expression and enzymatic analyses. The protein expressions of CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were up-regulated in an insignificant manner in liver, whereas in kidney, those of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were down-regulated. The enzymatic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 decreased in liver, in a significant manner, whereas in kidney, these increased significantly. The co-presence of the two mycotoxins and the mixture of grape seed and sea buckthorn meal generated a tendency to return to the control values, which suggest that grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal waste represent a promising source in counteracting the harmful effect of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B.

Highlights

Mycotoxin contamination is a major concern with great impact on human and animal health [1], as mycotoxin may be tumorigenic, mutagenic, estrogen mimetic and immunosuppressive
The relative protein expression for CYP1A2 increased by 58% in the E1 group, fed with a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of grape seeds and sea buckthorn meal and decreased by 7% for the E2 group
We demonstrated that by-products addition increased CYP3A29 protein expression in liver and kidney, while CYP3A29 activity was decreased, and only in kidneys, the tendency was opposite in the case of AFB1 and OTA co-contamination of the feed

Summary

Introduction

Mycotoxin contamination is a major concern with great impact on human and animal health [1], as mycotoxin may be tumorigenic, mutagenic, estrogen mimetic and immunosuppressive. They are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract [2,3,4,5], distributed to different body parts and metabolized especially at the hepatic and renal level [6]. Humans can be exposed to mycotoxin contaminated animal foodstuffs such as milk, eggs and meat, even fish meat [9,10]. Ingestion of contaminated feed with several types of mycotoxins, even if they are at minimum concentrations, can cause numerous negative effects due to their additive, synergic or antagonist effects [11,12]

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