The reciprocal effects of physical activity and happiness in adolescents

Thabo J Van Woudenberg,William J Burk,Moniek Buijzen,Kirsten E Bevelander

doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01058-8

Abstract

BackgroundPositive associations exist between physical activity and happiness in adolescents. However, previous studies have mostly used self-reported measures and cross-sectional designs. There is a need for more insight into the directionality and duration of this association. The current study was the first to investigate whether an increase in physical activity leads to happiness and whether adolescents become more physically active when they are happier. These two effects were studied between (on a day-to-day basis) and within days (on an hour-to-hour basis).MethodsThe study used data from the MyMovez project in which 1484 adolescents between the ages of 8 and 17 years wore an accelerometer on their wrist and answered experience sampling questions on happiness at random moments during the day for several weeks in 2016–2018.ResultsThe preregistered analyses demonstrated an association between physical activity and happiness. More specifically, the number of steps per day predicted the experienced happiness on that day. In addition, a short-term reciprocal effect of physical activity and happiness was observed. Happiness was predicted by the number of steps accumulated in the previous hour and it also predicted the number of steps accumulated in the subsequent hour. However, convincing evidence was found that these effects did not occur in the long-term between days. The number of steps on the previous day did not predict happiness, nor did happiness predict the number of steps of the subsequent day.ConclusionsThis study confirms an association between physical activity and happiness in adolescents and shows that in the short-term, physical activity promotes happiness and vice versa. Therefore, we conclude that physical activity is not only important for the physical health of youth, but also plays an important role in their mental well-being. In addition, this knowledge can be used to further understand the importance of physical activity in adolescents’ health and help in promoting a healthy lifestyle among youth.Trial registrationThe data used are stored at the Data Archiving and Networked Services (https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zz9-gn44). Hypotheses, study design, sample, data collection procedure, measured variables, and plan of analysis were preregistered on the Open Science Framework (OSF, https://osf.io/5yk7r/).

Highlights

IntroductionSubjective well-being in adolescents has become a major topic in public policy [1]
In the past decades, subjective well-being in adolescents has become a major topic in public policy [1]
Preliminary analysis To replicate the general associations found in previous studies, we first investigated the relationship between the average physical activity and average happiness per participant by calculating the average of both variables per participant

Summary

Introduction

Subjective well-being in adolescents has become a major topic in public policy [1]. Subjective well-being is a complex construct that is defined and measured in countless ways [3], but scholars often make a distinction between the individual’s overall evaluation of life and an individuals’ affective state, referred to as happiness [4]. The current study was the first to investigate whether an increase in physical activity leads to happiness and whether adolescents become more physically active when they are happier. These two effects were studied between (on a day-to-day basis) and within days (on an hour-to-hour basis)

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Discussion

Conclusion