Abstract
Sensors have recently gathered significant attention owing to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for the real-time monitoring of surroundings and human activities. Particularly, recently discovered nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors are potential candidates to overcome the existing problems of the conventional sensors, including regular monitoring, lifetime of a power unit, and portability. Halide perovskites (HPs), with an excellent photoactive nature, dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric properties, have been potential candidates for obtaining flexible and self-powered sensors including light, pressure, and temperature. Additionally, the photo-stimulated dielectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric properties of HPs make them efficient entrants for developing bimodal and multimode sensors to sense multi-physical signals individually or simultaneously. Therefore, we provide an update on the recent progress in self-powered sensors based on pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric effects of HP materials. First, the detailed working mechanism of HP-based piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators—operated as self-powered sensors—is presented. Additionally, the effect of light on piezoelectric and triboelectric effects of HPs, which is indispensable in multimode sensor application, is also systematically discussed. Furthermore, the recent advances in nanogenerator-based self-powered bimodal sensors comprising HPs as light-active materials are summarized. Finally, the perspectives and continuing challenges of HP-based self-powered sensors are presented with some opportunities for future development in self-powered multimode sensors.
Highlights
Published: 23 July 2021The wireless networks and devices enable the new technology to collect and share information through wireless communication systems owing to the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technology [1]
We provide an update on the recent progress of self-powered sensors based on nanogenerators, which were fabricated using Halide perovskites (HPs) materials and their polymer composites
Halide perovskite materials consist of three-dimensional ABX3 -type crystal structures (Figure 1, crystal structure)
Summary
The wireless networks and devices enable the new technology to collect and share information through wireless communication systems owing to the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technology [1]. Most of the sensors are powered by external power sources, such as batteries Their usage in sensors is faced with several issues, including regular monitoring, frequent charging process, limited life cycles, high maintenance cost, and environmental pollution. Ceramic perovskite materials are widely used to obtain high-performance and efficient nanogenerators and sensors owing to their remarkable dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties [32,33,34]. Illuminating nanogenerator significantly alters their output performance owing to the combined properties of piezoelectric or triboelectric and optoelectronic properties [51,52] Such light-stimulated performance is highly feasible to detect light or quantity of light intensity without depending on an external power source [53,54]. We briefly present perspectives, current challenges, and future prospects of HP-based self-powered sensors
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