Abstract
Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 recasts Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 as of 1 August 2022 at eight major levels: (1) international jurisdiction, (2) hearing of the child, (3) international child abduction, (4) abolition of exequatur, (5) enforcement, (6) authentic instruments and agreements, (7) placement of children in another member State and (8) cooperation. All decisions falling within its scope of application shall be exempt of exequatur, but at the stage of enforcement grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement may still be raised. The best interests of the child remains the paramount consideration of this EU instrument.
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