Abstract
The difference in strategy in the international socialist movement stifled the development of internationalist cooperation. Federalist socialists (French, Belgian, Dutch) wished for the Socialist International to lead European integration. Supporters of planning (British, Scandinavian) defended national sovereignty as necessary to manage the economy; they wanted an international Fabian Society to study the instruments of economic intervention on a technocratic basis. However, European socialists managed to form a cohesive shared identity by stressing opposition with communism and the exile and martyrdom of Eastern European social democrats. This laid the foundations for a clear definition of democratic socialism as the fulfilment of political and economic democracy. In 1951 the Socialist International was officially reborn, adopting the Frankfurt Declaration as a charter of principles. It had a major impact on the development of revisionism and ideological renovation in Italy, France and particularly Germany, with the Bad Godesberg Congress of the SPD.
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