Abstract
I suggest four grounds on which an argument can be made that phonological language forms are not merely emergent properties of the public language use of members of a language community. They are: (1) the existence of spontaneous errors of speech production in which whole consonants or vowels misorder or are replaced; (2) the necessary existence of language “particles” used by individual language users in order for words to be able to be coined; (3) the remarkable effectiveness of alphabetic writing systems and the tight coupling among skilled readers of orthographic and phonological language forms; (4) the finding that, by late infancy, children have discovered phonological constancies despite phonetic variation.
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