The reactivity of macrocyclic Fe(II) paraCEST MRI contrast agents towards biologically relevant anions, cations, oxygen or peroxide

Abstract

The reactivity of four macrocyclic Fe(II) complexes (L1–L4) is studied with the goal of developing paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (paraCEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for in vivo studies. (L1 = 1,4,7-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; L2 = 1,4,7-tris[(5-methyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; L3 = 1,4,7-tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; L4 = 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). The Fe(II) complexes remain intact in the presence of 25mM carbonate, 0.40mM phosphate and 100mM NaCl for 12h at 37°C, consistent with their moderately high formation constants (log K=13.5, 19.2, 7.50 for [Fe(L1)]2+, [Fe(L3)]2+ and [Fe(L4)]2+, respectively). [Fe(L4)]2+, [Fe(L2)]2+ and [Fe(L3)]2+ do not dissociate over 12h in the presence of excess Cu(II) at 37°C. None of the complexes show appreciable redox cycling as measured by consumption of ascorbate in the presence of oxygen, corresponding to their highly stabilized Fe(II) oxidation state (Eo=860, 930, 970, and 800mV versus NHE for [Fe(L1)]2+, [ [Fe(L2)]2+, [Fe(L3)]2+ and [Fe(L4)]2+. None of the Fe(II) complexes produce appreciable amounts of hydroxyl radical in the presence of peroxide and ascorbate as shown by limited hydroxylation of benzoate. Fe(II) complexes of L1, L2, and L3 show 25–28% cleavage of supercoiled plasmid DNA in the presence of peroxide and ascorbate over 2h at 37°C while [Fe(L4)]2+ shows 6% cleavage.