The rat placenta and the transfer of thyroid hormones from the mother to the fetus. Effects of maternal thyroid status.

Abstract

We have studied the effects of maternal thyroid status on the effectiveness of the rat placenta near term as a barrier for the transfer of T4 and T3 to the fetus. Dams were given methimazole to minimize the fetal contribution to the T4 and T3 pools, so that the iodothyronines found in the conceptus are ultimately of maternal origin. The dams were infused with saline, or with T4 or T3 at doses ranging from 2.3-27.8 nmol T4 and from 0.77-20.7 nmol T3/100 g BW per day. A group of normal pregnant dams (C) was included. At 21 days of gestation T4, T3, and rT3 were measured by RIA in maternal and fetal plasma, and in maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. The total fetal extrathyroidal T4 and T3 pools were also determined. The dose-related changes in T4, T3, and rT3 levels in the placenta confirm the presence of both inner and outer ring iodothyronine deiodinase activities, and suggest increasing accumulation of the iodothyronines. Despite this, fetal extrathyroidal T4 and T3 increase progressively in T4-infused groups as a function of maternal circulating T4 levels. Fetal extrathyroidal T3 increases progressively in T3-infused groups as a function of maternal plasma T3. There was no evidence that the net maternal contribution of T4 or T3 would be proportionally less when the maternal pools became very high. It was concluded that the rat placenta is only a limited barrier for the transfer of T4 and T3 to the fetus.