The Rap GTPases mediate CXCL13‐ and sphingosine1‐phosphate‐induced chemotaxis, adhesion, and Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation in B lymphocytes

Abstract

The localization of B cells to lymphoid organs where they can become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is controlled by multiple chemoattractants that promote cell migration and integrin-mediated adhesion. CXCL13 and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two important chemoattractants that control the trafficking of B cells. CXCL13 directs B lymphocytes to lymphoid follicles where they receive survival signals and, if activated, undergo a germinal center response. In contrast, S1P allows B cells and plasma cells to exit lymphoid organs and re-enter the circulation. The Rap1 GTPase is a key regulator of cell adhesion and cell migration in a number of systems. We now show that Rap activation is required for CXCL13 and S1P to induce B cell migration as well as adhesion to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. We also show that Pyk2, a tyrosine kinase involved in cytoskeleton rearrangements and B cell migration, is a downstream target of both CXCL13 and S1P signaling and that Rap activation is important for CXCL13 and S1P to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2, a modification that increases Pyk2 kinase activity. This suggests that the ability of CXCL13 and S1P to direct the trafficking and localization of B cells in vivo may be dependent on Rap activation.