Abstract
Despite being a key sport-specific characteristic in performance, there is no practical tool to assess the quality of the pass in basketball. The aim of this study is to develop a tool (the quality-pass index or Q-Pass) able to deliver a quantitative, practical measure of passing skills quality based on a combination of accuracy, execution time and pass pattern variability. Temporal, kinematics and performance parameters were analysed in five different types of passes (chest, bounce, crossover, between-the-leg and behind-the-back) using a field-based test, video cameras and body-worn inertial sensors (IMUs). Data from pass accuracy, time and angular velocity were collected and processed in a custom-built excel spreadsheet. The Q-pass index (0–100 score) resulted from the sum of the three factors. Data were collected from 16 young basketball players (age: 16 ± 2 years) with high (experienced) and low (novice) level of expertise. Reliability analyses found the Q-pass index as a reliable tool in both novice (CV from 4.3 to 9.3%) and experienced players (CV from 2.8 to 10.2%). Besides, important differences in the Q-pass index were found between players’ level (p < 0.05), with the experienced showing better scores in all passing situations: behind-the-back (ES = 1.91), bounce (ES = 0.82), between-the-legs (ES = 1.11), crossover (ES = 0.58) and chest (ES = 0.94). According to these findings, the Q-pass index was sensitive enough to identify the differences in passing skills between young players with different levels of expertise, providing a numbering score for each pass executed.
Highlights
Sport scientists and coaches are provided with low-cost, reliable and wearable technology to monitor athletes’ performance and assist them in training activities, such as inertial measurement units (IMUs) [1,2]
Researchers, information and practitioners have gained the possibility of using smart phone devices since most of them have a built-in gyroscope and accelerometer, which provides detailed information to researchers that might be used as the basis of the development of ecological dynamic approaches [3,4]
The aims of this study are: (i) To quantify a set of temporal, kinematics and performance parameters in five different types of passes, using video cameras and body-worn IMU sensors; (ii) to develop a quantitative and more practical measure of quality, based on references, metrics and algorithms related to three key factors: success rates in reaching pass target, pass execution time and pass pattern execution; and (iii) to verify whether the quality pass index (Q-Pass) and its related factors are effective in identifying differences in basketball passing skills among young players with different level of expertise
Summary
Sport scientists and coaches are provided with low-cost, reliable and wearable technology to monitor athletes’ performance and assist them in training activities, such as inertial measurement units (IMUs) [1,2]. Researchers, information and practitioners have gained the possibility of using smart phone devices since most of them have a built-in gyroscope and accelerometer, which provides detailed information to researchers that might be used as the basis of the development of ecological dynamic approaches [3,4] These IMUs are small and portable, allowing the players to move freely and naturally on the court while recording motion in terms of linear acceleration and angular velocity [5]. There is a lack of studies including inertial sensors for technical assessment in basketball This seems to be useful in fundamental overarm movement skills [8], like passing a ball to a team-mate
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