Abstract
Two microscopic techniques were used for monitoring the changes that occur during the pyrolysis of Pinus halepensis needles at 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500°C. The changes were monitored by transmission light microscopy (LM) and stereoscopy. The following were observed with increasing temperature: (1) deformation of the transverse section; (2) loss of the cuticle layer and cracking of the outer layer; (3) degradation of lignin (a basic component of pine needles); and (4) tar and char formation on the external surface. These changes were attributed to chemical and physical phenomena during the pyrolysis procedure.
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