The puzzling orbital residuals of XTE J1710–281: Is a Jovian planet orbiting the binary system?

Abstract

is a transient eclipsing binary system with a period close to 3.28 hours that hosts a neutron star. The average eclipse duration is 420 seconds, and eclipse arrival times reported in the literature span from 1999 to 2017. A previous analysis of the eclipse arrival times using the eclipse timing technique revealed a complex pattern of delays, indicating the presence of three orbital glitches. These glitches correspond to sudden variations in the orbital period and allow for the identification of four distinct epochs, during which the orbital period derivative was estimated to be $-1.8 $ s s$^ $ s s$^ $ s s$^ $, and $0.09 $ s s$^ $, respectively. We reanalyzed the 78 eclipse arrival times spanning 18 years utilizing the eclipse timing technique to derive the corresponding delays as a function of time. We find that the observed delays align well with a fitting model that employs an eccentric sine function characterized by an amplitude of $6.1 0.5$ s, an eccentricity of $0.38 0.17$, and a period of $17.1 1.5$ years. Additionally, we identified the orbital period to be 3.28106345(13) hours, with a reference epoch of $T_0=54112.83200(2)$ MJD. We obtained an upper limit to the orbital period derivative of $3.6 $ s s$^ From the average value of the eclipse duration, we estimate that the companion star has a mass of 0.22 for a neutron star mass of 1.4 and that the inclination of the source is $ degrees. The companion star is in thermal equilibrium. The orbital period derivative is consistent with a conservative mass transfer scenario, where the angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking dominates over gravitational radiation angular momentum loss if the former is present. The eccentric modulation can be explained by a third body with a mass of 2.7 Jovian masses, orbiting with a revolution period close to 17 years and an eccentricity of 0.38.