Abstract
IntroductionA variety of psychological determinants, such as vulnerability to stress, low levels of psychological well-being and several comorbidities, have been hypothesized to play a role in the development, and maintenance of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). However, evidence has been insufficient to sustain an overarching model of the causal pathways leading to IGD.Objectives. This study aimed to depict a model of the causal links between vulnerability to stress, psychological well-being, and symptoms of common mental disorders (e.g., depression, generalized anxiety, phobic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatization, and hostility).Methods. A community-based sample of Portuguese gamers (N = 153; Mage = 21.92; 15.29% female) completed measures of IGD (IGDS9-SF), mental health (SCL-90-R), psychological well-being (EBEP), and vulnerability to stress (23QVS). A machine learning algorithm – Greedy Fast Causal Inference – was used to infer a model of the causal pathways linking those psychological determinants to IGD.Results. Hostility and psychological well-being were directly involved with a subgroup of IGD symptoms (i.e., gaming used as escape, tolerance, withdrawal, and loss of control). Stress vulnerability and symptoms of mental disorders were only indirectly implicated in the causal pathways leading to IGD.Conclusions. It is likely that several psychological factors implicated in the causal pathways leading to IGD, have not been yet identified. Future research should directly test specific models of the causal pathways involved in the development and maintenance of IGD symptoms.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Highlights
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are estimated to affect around 30 million people worldwide, and are characterized by repeated use of a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or suffering, making it a serious health problem, with high associated costs
About 70 to 80% of young people with SUDs have at least one concomitant psychiatric disorder and cannabis is involved in approximately 50% of psychosis or schizophrenia of those cases, so there is a growing concern about the deleterious medical and psychiatric consequences of the increase and early initiation of consumption of this substance
As the use of cannabis is a potentially preventable risk factor, interventions aimed at improving therapeutic adherence in psychotic conditions must target the use of this substance, since reducing its consumption can lead to a more favorable course of the disease and at less expensive costs in addressing these pathologies
Summary
Suicide continues to be a significant cause of mortality in most countries worldwide, especially among youth. Documenting current trends and sources of variation in youth suicide rates is critical to inform prevention strategies. Document suicide mortality trends among Italian youth from 1981 to 2016 2. Describe age, sex, and urbanization specific suicide rates in this period, and 3. Describe suicide methods and their change over time. Methods: We relyed on official mortality data for the period 19812016 for adolescents and young adults (ages 10-25 years). We estimated standardized all-cause and suicide mortality rates per 100,000 individuals and used Joinpoint regression analysis to determine annual mortality trends and statistically significant changes in rate trends. Analyses were reported by sex, age group, urbanization level and suicide method
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