Abstract
In psychiatric classifications, hallucinations (mainly auditory hallucinations) are one of the fundamental criteria for establishing a schizophrenia diagnosis or any of the related psychotic disorder's diagnoses. The conceptual proximity between delusions and hallucinations was maintained until the end of the XIX century, with several supporters during the XX century. Their limits were not yet definitely defined in terms of Descriptive Psychopathology, and much less so in terms of biochemical and anatomical models. In this article we aimed to analyse the dimensions of both hallucinations and delusions in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. We also intend to find the determinants of the main dimensions of hallucinations. One hundred patients with schizophrenia (80) or schizoaffective disorder (20), 64% males, mean age 39.75, from the outpatient and inpatient units of the Psychiatry Department of Hospital de Santa Maria and the Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa were assessed by means of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) and a structured interview. In this study we designed an empirical based model by means of bivariate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and multivariate statistics (linear regression and multiple multivariate linear regression), where the main dimensions of hallucinations are determined by the central dimensions of delusions.
Highlights
Nowadays, hallucinations are classified according to their sensory modality: auditory, visual, tactile, cenesthetic, olfactory, gustatory, etc. (Telles-Correia et al, 2015).Hallucinations may occur in functional psychotic states, and in organic situations or in cases of sensory deprivation (Telles-Correia et al, 2015).In the current psychiatric classifications, hallucinations are one of the fundamental criteria for establishing a schizophrenia diagnosis or any of the related psychotic disorder’s diagnoses
Many authors have suggested the conceptual proximity between hallucinations and delusions, we only found one preliminary empirical study which suggested a close relationship between the dimensions of the hallucinations and with the dimensions of delusion (Zanghellini Rückl et al, 2011)
We performed a stepwise linear regression to determine the determinants of the dimensions of hallucinations considered conceptually and clinically more important by the authors. These were the ones that we considered more relevant from a theoretical point of view: the location in space and the beliefs re-origin
Summary
Hallucinations are classified according to their sensory modality: auditory, visual, tactile, cenesthetic, olfactory, gustatory, etc. (Telles-Correia et al, 2015).Hallucinations may occur in functional psychotic states (schizophrenia, psychotic mania, psychotic depression), and in organic situations or in cases of sensory deprivation (Telles-Correia et al, 2015).In the current psychiatric classifications, hallucinations are one of the fundamental criteria for establishing a schizophrenia diagnosis or any of the related psychotic disorder’s diagnoses (brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder). The Proximity between Hallucination and Delusion Dimensions present in other psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders (in depressive or manic episodes) (Telles-Correia et al, 2015). Another symptom linked to the genesis of schizophrenia and other related psychotic disorders is delusion. Throughout the history of Psychiatry the conceptual proximity between delusions and hallucinations in the psychiatric patient was maintained until the end of the XIX century, with several supporters during the XX century such as Ey (1973), Ey et al (1978) This means that their frontier was not yet definitely defined in terms of Descriptive Psychopathology, and much less so in terms of biochemical and anatomical models (Telles-Correia et al, 2015)
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