The proteolytic processing of amelogenin by enamel matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-20) is controlled by mineral ions

Abstract

BackgroundEnamel synthesis is a highly dynamic process characterized by simultaneity of matrix secretion, assembly and processing during apatite mineralization. MMP-20 is the first protease to hydrolyze amelogenin, resulting in specific cleavage products that self-assemble into nanostructures at specific mineral compositions and pH. In this investigation, enzyme kinetics of MMP-20 proteolysis of recombinant full-length human amelogenin (rH174) under different mineral compositions is elucidated. MethodsRecombinant amelogenin was cleaved by MMP-20 under various physicochemical conditions and the products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS. ResultsIt was observed that mineral ions largely affect cleavage pattern, and enzyme kinetics of rH174 hydrolysis. Out of the five selected mineral ion compositions, MMP-20 was most efficient at high calcium concentration, whereas it was slowest at high phosphate, and at high calcium and phosphate concentrations. In most of the compositions, N- and C-termini were cleaved rapidly at several places but the central region of amelogenin was protected up to some extent in solutions with high calcium and phosphate contents. ConclusionThese in vitro studies showed that the chemistry of the protein solutions can significantly alter the processing of amelogenin by MMP-20, which may have significant effects in vivo matrix assembly and subsequent calcium phosphate mineralization. General significanceThis study elaborates the possibilities of the processing of the organic matrix into mineralized tissue during enamel development.