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Abstract
Obesity is associated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and therefore can lead to worsening of allergic reactions. Thus, there is cross-talk between obesity and allergic reactions. In this study, we investigated whether the anti-obesity action of fish oil supplementation is involved in the anti-allergic action also induced by fish oil. We observed attenuation of cedar pollen-induced IgE serum increases in two experimental protocols: 15% fish oil supplementation for 8 weeks, which attenuated body weight increases compared with 15% soybean supplementation, and 4% fish oil supplementation for 2 weeks, which did not affect body weight increases compared with 4% soybean or 4% lard supplementation. The former but not the latter protocol attenuated sneezing after pollen challenge. Gene expression of TNF-α and IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, was moderately reduced in the trachea and nasal mucosa in mice fed fish oil supple- ments. In a third protocol, fish oil was administered for up to 15 weeks after a cedar pollen sensitization and challenge-induced increase in IgE levels. These levels decreased following fish oil supplementation but were almost unaffected by soybean oil supplementation. Surprisingly, the IL-13 gene expression level in the nasal mucosa and trachea was higher in the fish oil group than in the soybean oil group. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation before, during, or after antigen sensitization and challenge in mice helped to reduce cedar pollen-induced allergic reactions in- dependent of its anti-obesity action. Fish oil supplementation can also exhibit pro- or anti-inflammatory action against IL-13 expression depending on the experimental protocol.
Highlights
Recent studies have shown that obesity gives rise to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by inflamed adipose tissue with increased infiltration of macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines [1,2]
No significant differences were observed in IL-13 or TNF-α gene expression levels in the nasal mucosa between the two groups (Figure 2(a)), the levels were reduced in the trachea of mice fed the fish oil-containing diet than in mice fed the soybean oil-containing diet (Figure 2(b))
In the second experimental protocol, no differences in body weight were observed among mice fed the diet containing fish oil, soybean oil, or lard (Figure 3(b)), and the number of sneezes did not differ among the three groups (Figure 3(c))
Summary
Recent studies have shown that obesity gives rise to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by inflamed adipose tissue with increased infiltration of macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines [1,2]. These cytokines, such as TNF-α, directly reduce insulin sensitivity through the insulin signaling pathway [3]. DHA and EPA enhance TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in macrophages [15,16,17], and dietary fish oil supplementation increases serum TNF-α concentration in response to endotoxin challenges [15]; n-3 PUFAs are regarded as pro-inflammatory factors. Treatment with n-3 PUFAs increases TNF-α, FNS
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