Abstract
The wavelength of the ELF radio waves is so long that they can penetrate deeper into the ionosphere than the VLF. Here, assuming a two-layered model of the ionosphere, the characteristic value is derived in order to obtain the attenuation coefficients of the waves. It is shown that this result agrees with the solution obtained using Wait's modal equation. An explanation of the SEA phenomena on ELF atmospherics is also given. It is found that the two-layered model is suitable for interpreting the SEA phenomena, while the single layer (homogenous) model is not. Hence, it is necessary to deal with the two-layered model in the treatment of ELF propagation.
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