The Prognostic Effect of IKZF1 Deletions in ETV6::RUNX1 and High Hyperdiploid Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent childhood malignancy and recent cure rates approach 90% on first line therapy. IKZF1 deletions have been reported as an unfavorable prognostic factor and are rare in ETV6::RUNX1 and high hyperdiploid (HeH) ALL, the two cytogenetic subgroups with the most favorable prognosis. Due to its rarity, the prognostic effect of IKZF1deletions within this subset of patients remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed the prognostic impact of IKZF1deletions in 939 ETV6::RUNX1 and 968 HeH ALL patients. We performed this retrospective analysis on data of children and adolescents of 1-18 years with B-cell precursor ALL diagnosed in 1991-2016 and treated on one of 16 trials from 9 study groups, of which 6 were minimal residual disease (MRD) guided. Cytogenetic, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and RT-PCR analyses of pre-treatment bone marrow samples to determine ploidy and fusion gene status were performed locally. Trials using MRD for risk stratification applied either PCR or flow cytometry analyses. The IKZF1 status was determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification by each individual study group. 3% of ETV6::RUNX1 (n=26) cases had an IKZF1 deletion; this affected survival adversely overall (5-year event free survival [EFS]: 79% vs. 92%, p = 0.02) (Table 1). However, in minimal residual disease (MRD) guided protocols, IKZF1 did not affect outcome in ETV6::RUNX1 cases ( 5-year EFS: 100% vs. 93%, p = 0.34) (Table 1). 9% of HeH cases had an IKZF1 deletion (n=85); this adversely affected survival overall (5-year EFS: 76% vs. 89%, p = 0.006), and in MRD-guided protocols (73% vs. 88%, p = 0.004) (Table 1). Multivariate cox regression showed that IKZF1deletions negatively affected survival independent of sex, age, and white blood cell count at diagnosis in HeH ALL (Hazard ratio of EFS [95% CI]: 2.00 [1.20-3.30]) (Table 1). As the prognostic effect of IKZF1 deletions has been shown to vary by MRD risk group, we examined the prognostic effect of IKZF1deletions in HeH cases with detectable MRD <5% at end of induction in more detail. Of these cases, 10% carried an IKZF1deletion (n=34) which negatively affected outcome (5-year EFS: 78% vs. 92%, p = 0.01) Multivariate cox regression showed that IKZF1deletions negatively affected survival independent of sex, age, and white blood cell count at diagnosis in this intermediate MRD HeH ALL (Hazard ratio of EFS [95% CI]: 2.90 [1.20-6.80]). However, cases with an IKZF1 deletion had significantly higher MRD values than their wild-type counterparts (p = 0.03, Figure 1). In conclusion, our analysis of a large composite cohort consisting of 16 trials shows that IKZF1deletions do not affect survival in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL when treated on MRD-guided protocols. In contrast, our data shows that in HeH ALL IKZF1deletions are associated with lower survival rates, higher relapse rates, and higher MRD values. Future results of current trials such as the ALLTogether will likely reveal whether risk stratification predominantly reliant on MRD is adequate for HeH patients or whether stratification by copy number alteration profile, including IKZF1 status, or by other methods would be more suitable. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal