Abstract
This study is a pioneer study that seeks to explore the association between supervision outputs and the nature of the supervision (by e-mail, face-to-face, the student’s independence). In addition, the association between the supervising lecturer’s personal background (gender, age), professional background (faculty, tenure, excellence in teaching), and the supervision outputs (articles written, presentations at conferences) and nature of the supervision is explored. The purpose of the study is to explore items in depth so that they can be used in developing a questionnaire exploring the association between supervision outputs and the nature of the supervision.
 
 The research findings show, for various items, significant interactions between age and gender, excellence in teaching, and tenure. Significant interactions were also found between gender and faculty, as well as between age and excellence in teaching. Differences were also found between faculties.
 
 The findings of this study might have practical consequences for establishing the output-guided association in research supervision, as well as for establishing the practical association between the nature of the supervision and the lecturer’s personal background, professional background, the supervision outputs, and the nature of the supervision. These findings constitute a foundation for methodological thinking concerning supervision by staff members, a subject that has considerable meaning for the initial steps taken by young student researchers and for the systematic establishment of the pattern of academic supervision, which although not frontal teaching may be even more demanding.
Highlights
A key step in developing a survey instrument is the generation of items to be measured (Dupuis, Crossler & Endicott-Popovsky, 2016), and requires quantifying the factors to be studied (Sachs, 2004)
As stated, this is a pioneer study exploring the association between supervision outputs and the nature of the supervision
The research findings indicate regarding the supervising lecturer’s efforts in supervising the research student as surpassing expectations: women aged 50-60 felt that the efforts invested in the student’s research surpass expectations, more than did men in this age group
Summary
A key step in developing a survey instrument is the generation of items to be measured (Dupuis, Crossler & Endicott-Popovsky, 2016), and requires quantifying the factors to be studied (Sachs, 2004). Developing a questionnaire is not a simple process, and it includes preparation of the questions (Väätäjä, Koponen & Roto, 2009). Developing a questionnaire is critical for the success of the survey because ambiguous questions, inappropriate wording, and the length of the questionnaire can affect the response rate (Farooq, 2018). The purpose of this study is to develop items on the subject of supervision outputs and in-depth analysis of their association with demographic and professional variables of supervisors, in order to utilize the items in an efficient and precise instrument in future studies
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