Abstract
Willow or poplar catkins were carbonized to prepare carbon microtubes (CMTs) due to their natural micro-tubular structure. After carbonization at temperatures of 550–950 °C, CMTs with outer and inner diameters of 4–8 and 3–7 μm were obtained. In addition to having a large and accessible inner tube, a small amount of nitrogen (∼1.8 at.%) and phosphorus (∼0.4 at.%) dopants cause CMTs prepared at 750 °C to be a cheap metal-free catalyst with good catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction.
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