Abstract
Yessotoxins(YTXs) is a phycotoxin produced by phytoplankton that has been reported as cardiotoxic and have been detected in microalgae and/or bivalve molluscs in many countries. Their presence in shellfish was discovered due to their high acute toxicity in mice after i.p. injection of lipophilic extracts. YTXs in sediment, seawater, plankton and shellfish in the northern Yellow Sea of China were investigated. The least YTXs level and the lowest detection rate occurred in sediment, while a maximum level of 24.6ng/L appeared in the plankton; the change trend in seawater was similar to that in plankton. YTXs in mussel and Chlamys farreri were all higher than it in oyster. The three dinoflagellates which can produce YTXs, Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera, have been all found. The abundance change of toxic dinoflagellates was consistent with YTXs in plankton, seawater and shellfishes. P. reticulatum is one of the main microalgae which can produce YTXs in the northern Yellow Sea coast; this P. reticulatum have been separated from seawater, and its ecological features of production YTXs have been studied. The distribution of YTXs in particulate matters, seawater, and shellfishes has also been studied by the experiments of feeding trial to Patinopecten yessoensis, Chlamys farreri and mussel. The more YTXs would distribute in particles and seawater, while in shellfishes there was the smallest proportion, only 1% around. According to the results in this paper, the ecological functions of the northern Yellow Sea coast as aquiculture area was still good, but the potential ecological risk of YTXs cannot be ignored.
Highlights
Yessotoxins (YTXs) is a group of disulfated polyether toxins produced by marine dinoflagellate which was first separated from Patinopecten yessoensis of Japanese Mutsu Bay in 1986[1]
All the cysts were transferred to a 10mL centrifuge tube, and centrifuged repeatedly, retained precipitation. 3ml methanol was added to the precipitation, by ultrasonication for 10 mins, the sample was centrifuged for 10min under 3500r/min, and the supernatant was filtered through 0.22μm membrane for analysis by HPLC-MS/MS
The results showed that YTXs profiles of P. reticulatum were major YTX compounds and a little homo-YTX, and the most YTXs toxin existed inside the cells and only a little of it was in seawater under different temperature, the maximum ratio of extracellular and intracellular YTXs was about 16 times; at about 136d, YTXs produced by P. reticulatum under all three temperature all reached the highest amount with a maximum of 1.5μg/ml special under 15°C; the amount of YTXs which was produced by the P. reticulatum under 15°C was higher than that under 22°C, and the smallest YTXs under 8°C(Fig.10b, Fig12, Fig13)
Summary
Yessotoxins (YTXs) is a group of disulfated polyether toxins produced by marine dinoflagellate which was first separated from Patinopecten yessoensis of Japanese Mutsu Bay in 1986[1]. There were three dinoflagellates that can produce YTXs: Protoceratium reticulatum [5,11,12,13], Lingulodinium polyedrum [14, 15] and Gonyaulax spinifera [16, 17]. There is little known about the production, degradation, distribution and fate of YTXs in the whole ecological chain. The aim of this work was to perform the study of the ecological features of P. reticulatum and the distribution of YTXs in seawater, shellfishes and sediment; by feeding trials in laboratory, to simulate the distribution and fate of yessotoxins in ecosystem
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