The Problem of Human Self-Understanding in the Era of Challenges of the Technologically Developing World

Abstract

Today, in the era of technoscience challenges, while NBICS technologies allow transformation of human nature, the problem is readdressed. What should we do not to lose a human nature while deploying human enhancement technologies? In what way the theme of human nature and the theme of human evolution relate to each other? What is the difference between the attitudes of new humanism, transhumanism and posthumanism, in the context of which the evolution of human being is discussed today? Achievements of science and technology in studying the consciousness, brain, genes, human evolution, as well as the impact of NBICS technologies on humans and programs of human enhancement have actualized the problems of human self-understanding. In the discussion of the problem of human future, several contexts were identified in which various options for transforming a human, human extension, transition to a posthuman are considered. The very idea of formation of the posthuman concept speaks of the acceptance of the human transformation under the influence of high technologies and the will to discuss the mechanisms of its species evolution. The projects of new humanism focus on improving the human being according to the programs of human enhancement. Transhumanism and posthumanism are characterized by the unifying principle of antihumanism, the rejection of human as a measureof all things. The paper presents the concepts of human and his evolution that have developed in classical philosophical anthropology, a comparative analysis of the philosophical attitudes of humanism, transhumanism and posthumanism in understanding human evolution is carried out. We show the danger of the involutional development path, which hides behind many constructs of a person proposed in transhumanism, posthumanism, in the humanological concept of human evolution.