Abstract
Cindy S Chu and co-authors review options for diagnosis, safe and radical cure, and relapse prevention of Plasmodium Vivax.
Highlights
Plasmodium vivax is more geographically dispersed than Plasmodium falciparum, with transmission occurring over a wider range of temperatures than for P. falciparum [1], and at latitudes as far as 64 ̊ North [2]
P. vivax is prevalent in the horn of Africa, Madagascar, and parts of Central and South America, but it has been eradicated from Europe, Russia, North America, and most of the Middle East [2,4]
From 2008 to 2018, the proportion of P. vivax, P. falciparum, and panmalaria Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) meeting the current WHO performance threshold for procurement increased from approximately 20% to 90% [24]
Summary
The worldwide burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria has more than halved from an estimated 17.3 to 6.5 million cases between 2010 and 2019. This resulted from increased deployment of conventional malaria control measures (rapid diagnostic tests, effective antimalarial treatment, vector control) and significant global investment in malaria elimination. Prevention of relapse requires “radical cure” with an 8-aminoquinoline (primaquine daily for 7 to 14 days, or single-dose tafenoquine). These drugs cause oxidant haemolysis in G6PD deficiency, so safe use requires G6PD testing. PvDBP, P. vivax Duffy binding protein; PvMSP, P. vivax merozoite surface protein; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; SMC, seasonal malaria chemoprevention; uPCR, ultrasensitive PCR
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