Abstract
Background The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of hyperglycemia/insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke, and all-cause mortality. The burden of metabolic syndrome is emerging alarmingly in low- and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia; however, there is lack of comprehensive estimation. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Ethiopia. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis included original articles of observational studies published in the English language. Searches were carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Africa Journals from conception to August 2020. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Ethiopia. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Subgroup analysis was also conducted based on sex/gender and study subjects. Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. Results Electronic and gray literature search retrieved 942 potentially relevant papers. After removing duplicates and screening with eligibility criteria, twenty-eight cross-sectional studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Ethiopia was found to be 34.89% (95% CI: 26.77, 43.01) and 27.92% (95% CI: 21.32, 34.51) by using NCEP/ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. The weighted pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in females 36.74% (95% CI: 20.72, 52.75) and 34.09% (95% CI: 26.68, 41.50) compared to males 22.22% (95% CI: 14.89, 29.56) and 24.82% (95% CI: 18.34, 31.31) by using IDF and NCEP/ATP III criteria, respectively. Subgroup analysis based on the study subjects using NCEP/ATP III showed that the weighted pooled prevalence was 63.78%(95% CI: 56.17, 71.40), 44.55% (95% CI: 30.71, 52.38), 23.09% (95% CI: 19.74, 26.45), 20.83% (95% CI: 18.64, 23.01), and 18.45% (95% CI: 13.89, 23.01) among type 2 diabetes patients, hypertensive patients, psychiatric patients, HIV patients on HAART, and working adults, respectively. The most frequent metabolic syndrome components were low HDL-C 51.0% (95% CI: 42.4, 59.7) and hypertriglyceridemia 39.7% (95% CI: 32.8, 46.6). Conclusions The findings revealed an emerging high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Ethiopia. Therefore, early intervention is required for the primary prevention of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and the further reduction of the morbidity and mortality related to it.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated risk factors that have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities [1, 2]
Obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are considered to be the primary components of MetS [3, 4]. e worldwide prevalence of MetS and noncommunicable chronic diseases in the adult population is on the rise [5]
Subgroup analysis based on the study subjects using NCEP/ ATP III showed that the weighted pooled prevalence was 63.78%, 44.55%, 23.09%, 20.83%, and 18.45% among type 2 diabetes patients, hypertensive patients, psychiatric patients, HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and working adults, respectively
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated risk factors that have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities [1, 2]. E worldwide prevalence of MetS and noncommunicable chronic diseases in the adult population is on the rise [5]. The high prevalence of HIV infection in developing countries and concomitant antiretroviral therapy is associated with the rise of MetS [19]. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of MetS among T2DM, hypertensive, and HIV patients is estimated to be high [21,22,23]. Saharan Africa is facing a rapid escalation of MetS and noncommunicable chronic diseases and associated mortality [30,31,32]. This systematic review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of MetS among the Ethiopian population of various study subjects. is will provide the necessary information for policymakers, clinicians, and concerned stakeholders in the country to provide an appropriate strategy and intervene in the control, prevention, and management of MetS
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