The prevalence of hypospadias in newborn males in Hangzhou, China from 2011 to 2020: A cross-sectional population-based study

Abstract

Hypospadias is one of the most common anomalies of the human genitourinary system. The prevalence of hypospadias varies considerably by region, ethnicity, and clinical practice. This research was designed to investigate the prevalence and related influencing factors of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2020 in order to provide a scientific basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of hypospadias. This study retrospectively analyzed the Hangzhou Maternal Child Information System and Birth Defect Monitoring System and included data from a total of 1,008,754 pregnant women between October 2010 and September 2020. The chi-square test was adopted to compare the prevalence of hypospadias at different maternal ages and different years. The prevalence of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou, China, was 2.89 per 10,000, with a total of 292 newborns diagnosed with hypospadias from 2011 to 2020. The prevalence of hypospadias in Hangzhou showed temporal, regional, and age distribution characteristics: from 1.08/10,000 in 2011 to 7.03/10,000 in 2020; the prevalence was higher in suburban areas than that in the urban area and the counties, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001); the prevalence of hypospadias was lowest in maternal age < 25 years (1.20/10,000) and highest in maternal age ≥ 40 years old (14.59/10,000). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The risk factor for hypospadias in the offspring of advanced pregnant women was 3.86 times higher than that of younger pregnant women. The overall prevalence of neonatal hypospadias in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2020 was 2.89/10,000 and showed temporal, regional, and age distribution characteristics.