The prevalence of herpes family virus DNA in the conjunctiva of patients positive and negative for human immunodeficiency virus using the polymerase chain reaction

Abstract

Objective To help understand the pathogenesis of herpes family virus ocular infection among patients positive for HIV, the authors compared the rates of detection of herpes family virus DNA from the conjunctiva of patients who are positive and negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Design Cross-sectional study. Participants The conjunctival scrapings of 30 patients positive for HIV and 30 patients negative for HIV were examined. Intervention PCR was used to assay for the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA (n = 240 samples). Main outcome measure The rate of detection of virus DNA in the two groups, controlling for age, gender, and race, was measured. Results HSV and VZV DNA were not detected in any of the HIV-positive or HIV-negative samples. CMV DNA was detected in 20% (6 of 30) of patients positive for HIV and was undetected in control subjects negative for HIV ( P = 0.01). EBV DNA was detected in 40% (12 of 30) of patients positive for HIV and in 47% (14 of 30) of control subjects negative for HIV ( P = 0.58). Conclusions There was no difference in the frequency of detection of HSV, VZV, or EBV DNA from the conjunctiva of patients positive or negative for HIV. Only CMV DNA was detected at a significantly higher rate in the conjunctiva of patients positive for HIV compared with control subjects negative for HIV. These different rates of peripheral virus shedding may be one possible explanation for the different rates of clinical infection among the herpes family viruses among patients positive for HIV.