The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: Methodological issues and a review of the literature

Abstract

Background Despite the relative neglect of anxiety in older adults, the growing literature on its prevalence suggests that anxiety is highly prevalent and associated with considerable distress and morbidity in this age group. This review provides a comprehensive overview of this literature and discusses some unresolved controversies in the field. Methods A systematic search of articles published from 1980–2007 was performed. Articles were included for review if they reported the prevalence of anxiety symptoms, anxiety disorder or specified anxiety disorders in adults aged > 60 in either community or clinical settings. Results The prevalence of anxiety in community samples ranges from 1.2% to 15%, and in clinical settings from 1% to 28%. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms is much higher, ranging from 15% to 52.3% in community samples, and 15% to 56% in clinical samples. These discrepancies are partly attributable to the conceptual and methodological inconsistencies that characterise this literature. Generalised Anxiety Disorder is the commonest anxiety disorder in older adults. Limitations The methodologies used in the studies are so variable as to make comparisons difficult. Conclusions Although anxiety disorder, particularly Generalised Anxiety Disorder is common, issues in relation to comorbidity and the nature of anxiety in old age remain unresolved. This hampers the design of intervention programmes, and highlights the need for further research with a primary focus on anxiety.