Abstract
BackgroundHyponatremia (serum sodium concentration < 135 mmol/L) is the most common electrolyte abnormality and is a predictor of the mortality of hospitalized patients in Western countries. However, hyponatremia data are lacking in Asian countries. Here we evaluate the epidemiology and mortality of hyponatremia in general medical hospitalized patients in China.MethodsThis is a cohort study of 154,378 adults who were hospitalized between 2008 and 2012 at a teaching hospital in Beijing. We identified hospital patients with hyponatremia and calculated the prevalence and in-hospital mortality of hyponatremia. We also conducted a comprehensive retrospective review of the medical records of patients who had severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <120 mmol/L) during hospitalization in 2012.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hyponatremia at some point during hospitalization was 17.5% (26,990 patients), but only 0.26% (394 patients) of cases were identified with the diagnostic code of hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was more common in patients with infectious disease, cancer, or cardiovascular disease as the primary reason for hospitalization based on discharge diagnosis, with prevalences of 33.0, 25.9 and 24.9%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality was 0.48% amongst patients without hyponatremia compared to 3.57 and 20.23% in patients with serum sodium levels of 130–134 and <120 mmol/L, resulting in multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 4.8 (95% CI 4.3–5.4) and 32.9 (95% CI 25.2–42.3), respectively. The mortality risk increased with increasing severity of hyponatremia in all diagnostic groups. After the multivariate adjustment, only the Charlson Comorbidity Index and age were independently associated with death risk (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.14–1.64 and OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.09, respectively) in the patients with severe hyponatremia.ConclusionsHyponatremia is highly prevalent among Chinese hospitalized patients and is associated with increased in-hospital mortality risk. Physicians should raise awareness to improve the prognosis of hyponatremia.
Highlights
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality and is a predictor of the mortality of hospitalized patients in Western countries
We examined a specific cohort of patients in greater detail: those who were admitted from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012 with serum sodium levels
The prevalence of hyponatremia was significantly different in each disease group, which was more common in patients with infectious disease, cancer, or cardiovascular disease as the primary reason for hospitalization based on primary discharge diagnosis
Summary
Hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration < 135 mmol/L) is the most common electrolyte abnormality and is a predictor of the mortality of hospitalized patients in Western countries. We evaluate the epidemiology and mortality of hyponatremia in general medical hospitalized patients in China. To date there is no study providing the frequency of hyponatremia in patients hospitalized for general medical conditions in China. Several studies have described an association between hyponatremia and increased mortality rates [5, 8,9,10]. Few data exist on the prevalence and prognostic effect of hyponatremia on admitted general medical patients in Asia. Using data from a large unselected group of adults who received care at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH, Beijing, China), we performed this retrospective population-based cohort study to investigate the relationship between hospital-associated hyponatremia and in-hospital mortality across the primary diagnostic categories in a broad population
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