Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat fungal diseases, causing yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The aim of this research was to summarize the occurrence of major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in two consecutive years to search the relationship between disease incidence and severity with mycotoxins found in control and inoculated grains and corresponding malt. In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in one-year research was measured. Tested wheat varieties showed infection scores of 3% (‘U1’ and ‘Sirban Prolifik’) to 79% (‘Golubica’) for Type I resistance evaluation. There were few moderately resistant varieties in view of their areas under the disease progress curve, which can be considered Type III resistance (‘Sirban Prolifik’ and ‘U1’). According to the data quantified by LC–MS/MS, DON decreased in infected malt in comparison to corresponding grain, while ZEN occurred only in infected malt samples. Both 3-AcDON and NIV increased in inoculated malt in comparison to corresponding grain, due to a combination of plant metabolism and de novo synthesis by molds during malting. Based on the results, we can draw a few conclusions: the resistance to Fusarium decreased quantified concentrations of DON; ZEN gets synthetized during malting; unregulated 3-AcDON and NIV increase during malting; more resistant varieties have converted DON to D3G more successfully. Modified mycotoxins should be also included to legislation, since they could be transformed back to the corresponding mycotoxins under food processing conditions or during digestion.
Highlights
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by several Fusarium species, is one of the most important fungal diseases worldwide that affects the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by decreasing yield and quality [1,2]
The most commonly occurring mycotoxin in many cereals and malt is deoxynivalenol (DON) [3,4], a type B trichothecene which is predominant, and regulatory limits are set for food and feed worldwide [5,6]
For Type I FHB resistance, the fraction of plants showing disease symptoms ranged from 3%
Summary
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by several Fusarium species, is one of the most important fungal diseases worldwide that affects the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by decreasing yield and quality [1,2]. A major concern for human and animal health is mycotoxins, whereas the most important are trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEN) as secondary fungal metabolites. The most commonly occurring mycotoxin in many cereals and malt is deoxynivalenol (DON) [3,4], a type B trichothecene which is predominant, and regulatory limits are set for food and feed worldwide [5,6]. The utilization of resistant wheat varieties is the best method to control FHB [9,10,11]. Different resistance mechanisms to FHB are known in wheat. Type III and IV are related to post-harvest traits [13]: DON accumulation [14]
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