Abstract

ONLY a little less than fifty years have passed since the pub-lication of Darwin's “Origin of Species,” and the general acceptance by naturalists of the theory of descent. Since 1848 the sciences of embryology, cytology, and comparative anatomy based on embryology—or, as it is now called, morphology—have been placed on a firm foundation. It is but little over half a century since the uniformitarian views of Lyell were promulgated. The cell doctrine was born in 1839; the view that protoplasm forms the basis of life was generally received forty years since; fifty years ago the doctrine of the conservation of forces was worked out, and already by this time had the idea of the unity of nature dominated the world of science.

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