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Abstract
The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is one of the most cited invasive species due to its ecological and economical impact that occurred in the Black and Caspian Seas in previous years. Recent reports on the species presence in the Baltic and North Seas alarmed the scientific community. While the earliest report of M. leidyi in the Baltic was spring 2006, this paper indicates of the presence of M. leidyi in the Oslofjorden as early as autumn 2005, and discusses the possible invasion routes from its native range along the eastern coast of the Americas.
Highlights
The authors suggested that the resident population from Dutch estuaries could serve as a yearly supply of M. leidyi to the Baltic Sea, through Skagerrak and Kattegat or through the Kiel Canal, if the species was unable to overwinter in the Baltic (Faasse and Bayha 2006)
Hansson (2006) agreed with the hypothesis of an annual reintroduction in the Baltic Sea originating from the North Sea
Kube et al (2007) data suggested that M. leidyi survived the last winter in the southern Baltic Sea
Summary
Fish eggs and larvae (Burrell and Van Engel 1976), M. leidyi populations rapidly grow when food is abundant (cf Purcell et al 2001). In the early 1980’s, M. leidyi was introduced in the Black Sea, possibly transported from its native area in ships ballast water (cf GESAMP 1997). Due to suitable living conditions in the receiving environment (food abundance and a physical environment similar to the estuaries in the native region), populations established and grew in the Black Sea (Purcell et al 2001, Shiganova et al 2001). The absence of potential predators and the favorable environmental conditions allowed M. leidyi to spread along the Black Sea and adjacent areas, as the Azov, Marmara and northeastern Mediterranean Seas
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