The preparation of platelet concentrates by the light-spin/ hard-spin technique

Abstract

For at least two decades the light-spin/hard-spin (LS/HS) method for preparation of platelet concentrates (PC) has been the standard of platelet support. With concern over the detrimental effects of platelet activation during component preparation and with increased recognition of the adverse consequences resulting from residual donor leukocytes in PC, new approaches to the production of PC have begun. This review addresses two aspects of the traditional LS/HS method of platelet preparation: platelet activation and residual leukocyte content. Studies of platelet activation are reviewed which focus on the second (hard-spin) centrifugation step during which pelleting of platelets occurs. Platelets studied immediately after the hardspin exhibit evidence of α-granule release, expression of activation antigens, and decreased aggregation. There is a suggestion that some degree of reversal of platelet activation routinely occurs during the rest period following the hard-spin. The residual leukocyte content of PC prepared by the LS/HS method ranges from 10 7 to 10 9 leukocytes/unit. The residual donor leukocytes are predominantly lymphocytes and monocytes. Degeneration of residual donor leukocytes may release soluble cytokines resulting in febrile transfusion reactions. It remains controversial whether or not the cell-membrane fragments and microvesicles of degenerating donor leukocytes are capable of HLA allosensitization or viral transmission. Release of leukocyte elastase from degenerating leukocytes during platelet storage has been proposed as contributing to the platelet storge lesion. More research is needed to address the question of whether or not pre-storage leukocyte reduction during component preparation will result in improved PC. It appears likely that within the next few years radical changes will occur in the method of preparation of PC with the aim of providing the greatest degree of hemostatic effectiveness with the least toxicity to patients.