Abstract
Ag3PO4/Ag/Bi2O2CO3 composites were prepared by a hydrothermal and precipitation method. The morphology, structure, and valence state of the photo-catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS). They were applied as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of esters from aldehydes (or alcohols) and alcohols and the synthesis of imines from alcohols and amines under visible light irradiation. The photo-catalytic activities of the esterification reactions of aldehydes and alcohols were heavily dependent on the loading of Ag3PO4/Ag/Bi2O2CO3 as well as the intensity and wavelength of the visible light. Furthermore, their conversion under visible light irradiation was superior to that in the dark. Herein a reaction mechanism from aldehydes and alcohols to esters was proposed, and the Ag3PO4/Ag/Bi2O2CO3 catalysts could be used six times without a significant decrease in activity. Using these catalysts under visible light could motivate future studies to develop efficient recyclable photo-catalysts and facilitate many synthetic organic reactions.
Highlights
As two of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry, ester and amine groups have been widely used in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, and polymers [1,2].In recent years, the question of how to produce esters and amines rapidly, effectively and in an energy-efficient manner has attracted great attention [3]
Esters have been produced through the reaction of acid derivatives and alcohols, while imines have been created through the condensation of aldehydes or ketones and amines
The phase structures of different metals or metal composites were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku Industrial Corporation, Osaka, Japan) (Figure 1)
Summary
As two of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry, ester and amine groups have been widely used in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, and polymers [1,2].In recent years, the question of how to produce esters and amines rapidly, effectively and in an energy-efficient manner has attracted great attention [3]. As two of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry, ester and amine groups have been widely used in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, and polymers [1,2]. Esters have been produced through the reaction of acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides or anhydrides) and alcohols, while imines have been created through the condensation of aldehydes or ketones and amines. Precious metal catalysts supported on carriers (such as Ir [7,8], Cu [9,10], Pd [11], and Au [12]) have been applied in the above-mentioned synthetic processes. It is important to discover an alternative to produce esters from aldehydes (or alcohols) and alcohols, and imines from alcohols and amines by using solid catalysts for the purposes of green chemistry and organic synthesis under milder conditions
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