The prenylflavonoid Icaritin enhances osteoblast proliferation and function by signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT-3) regulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of a natural prenylflavonoid Icaritin (ICT), on human osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic function. We observed that ICT dose-dependently enhanced osteoblast proliferation by ~15% over a 7day period. This increase in cell proliferation was associated with corresponding increases in osteoblast functions as measured by ALP secretion, intracellular calcium ions influx and calcium deposition. These anabolic effects were associated with a 4-fold increase in CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression. Silencing of CXCR4 protein expression using small interfering RNA reversed ICT-induced increase in cell proliferation, ALP activity and calcium deposition. Interestingly, we observed that ICT dose-dependently increased STAT-3 phosphorylation; and this resulted in increased binding of phosphorylated STAT-3 to the promoter region of the CXCR4 gene, to increase CXCR4 protein expression. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of STAT-3 phosphorylation resulted in a decrease in CXCR4 protein expression; whilst increasing phosphorylation of STAT-3 using a constitutive active STAT-3 vector significantly increased CXCR4 levels. Moreover, the chemical inhibition of STAT-3 phosphorylation annulled our previously observed ICT-induced increases of osteoblast proliferation and function. Finally, in a rat model of estrogen-deficient osteoporosis, ICT restored both osteoblasts numbers and CXCR4 expression. Taken together, both cellular and animal models support the novel findings that ICT; through the phosphorylation of STAT-3, up-regulated CXCR4, to increase osteoblast proliferation and function.