Abstract
In recent years, power grid infrastructures have been changing from a centralized power generation model to a paradigm where the generation capability is spread over an increasing number of small power stations relying on renewable energy sources. A microgrid is a local network including renewable and non-renewable energy sources as well as distributed loads. Microgrids can be operated in both grid-connected and islanded modes to fill the gap between the significant increase in demand and storage of electricity and transmission issues. Power electronics play an important role in microgrids due to the penetration of renewable energy sources. While microgrids have many benefits for power systems, they cause many challenges, especially in protection systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of protection systems with the penetration of microgrids in the distribution network. The expansion of a microgrid affects the coordination and protection by a change in the current direction in the distribution network. Various solutions have been suggested in the literature to resolve the microgrid protection issues. The conventional coordination of the protection system is based on the time delays between relays as the primary and backup protection. The system protection scheme has to be changed in the presence of a microgrid, so several protection schemes have been proposed to improve the protection system. Microgrids are classified into different types based on the DC/AC system, communication infrastructure, rotating synchronous machine or inverter-based distributed generation (DG), etc. Finally, we discuss the trend of future protection schemes and compare the conventional power systems.
Highlights
Protection system schemes have increasingly become important due to the increasing complexity and challenges in power systems
Reports have indicated indicated that the conventional protection schemes have a main role in major blackouts of power that the conventional protection schemes have a main role in major blackouts of power systems [67]
The adaptive protection scheme based on GPS in the distribution network with high penetration of distributed generation (DG) is presented in References [29,41,121]
Summary
Protection system schemes have increasingly become important due to the increasing complexity and challenges in power systems. The main parts of the power system (grid), including generation, high voltage transmission line, and distribution, have to be adjusted to appropriate settings. Several solutions have been proposed to solve the problems of parallel lines main parts of the power system (grid), including generation, high voltage transmission line, and protection [12,13,14]. In Reference [36], the authors present a detailed technical overview of microgrids and smart grids in light of present developments and future trends They described the functions of smart grid components that include smart device interface components, advanced forecasting, control of generation/storage units, data transmission/monitoring, power flow, and energy management. The wide-area protection with different data transfer processes, including remote terminal unit (RTU), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems (EMS), PMU, are reviewed.
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