The Potentiometric determination of fluoride in various brands of toothpaste

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The potentiometric analysis of the fluoride content (as F-ion) in toothpaste suspension with an ion-selective fluoride electrode is simple, reliable and inexpensive. Very low fluoride ion concentrations (up to 10–5 mol / l) can be determined with a fluoride-selective electrode, whereby the ionic strength of a solution is regulated and the concentration of hydroxide ions and interfering metal ions is controlled. The influence of the pH value and the complex ions of metals can be successfully regulated by the Total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) solution and by maintaining the pH value in the range from 5.00 to 8.00. The fluoride concentrations of 34 different toothpaste samples of different brands are determined using an ion-selective electrode. The highest value is 1285.85 ppm from Germany (Blend a. Med) and the lowest value is 18.15 ppm from Indonesia (Formula junior). Most of the low values are from Asian countries between (18.15-514.84) ppm, which are less than 600 ppm and this concentration is insufficient for Iraqi prescriptions and World Health Organization (WHO) specifications, the highest Values are between (940.66-1285.85) ppm, from Japan, USA and Germany References Abramowitz, A. (1967) ‘Principles, current practice, and applications of potentiometers based on Poggendorff’s second method’, Review of Scientific Instruments, 38(7), pp. 898–904. doi: 10.1063/1.1720918. Barmes, D. E. (1996) ‘Fluorides and oral health’, Community Dental Health, pp. 3–4. Bereczki, R. et al. (2006) ‘How to assess the limits of ion-selective electrodes: Method for the determination of the ultimate span, response range, and selectivity coefficients of neutral carrier-based cation selective electrodes’, Analytical Chemistry, 78(3), pp. 942–950. doi: 10.1021/ac050614s. Bralić, M. et al. (2001) ‘Fluoride electrode with LaF3-membrane and simple disjoining solid-state internal contact’, Talanta, 55(3), pp. 581–586. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00448-9. Chakraborty, M., Pandey, M. and Pandey, P. (2017) ‘Spectrophotometric method vs ion selective electrode for field determination of fluoride in water and complex samples’, Reserch Journal of Chemical Sciences, 7(5)(5), pp. 31–37. Available at: http://www.isca.in/rjcs/Archives/v7/i5/5.ISCA-RJCS-2017-022.pdf. Gao, W., Xie, X. and Bakker, E. (2020) ‘Direct Potentiometric Sensing of Anion Concentration (Not Activity)’, ACS Sensors, 5(2), pp. 313–318. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02523. J, U. (2019) ‘a Review on Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water.’, International Journal of Advanced Research, 7(3), pp. 475–478. doi: 10.21474/ijar01/8659. Jasielec, J. (no date) Modelling of potentiometric ion sensors. Julie, L. (1967) ‘A Universal Potentiometer’, IEEE Trans Instr. Meas., IM(3), pp. 187–191. Lennon, M. A. et al. (2004) ‘Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality’, World Health Organization, (September), pp. 105–116. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/nitratesfull.pdf. Light, T. S. and Cappuccino, C. C. (1975) ‘Determination of fluoride in toothpaste using an lon-selective electrode.’, Journal of chemical education, 52(4), pp. 247–250. doi: 10.1021/ed052p247. Michalski, R. and Mathews, B. (2006) ‘Simultaneous determination of fluoride and monofluorophosphate in toothpastes by supressed ion chromatography’, Central European Journal of Chemistry, 4(4), pp. 798–807. doi: 10.2478/s11532-006-0042-0. Midgley, D. (1987) ‘Limits of detection of ion-selective electrodes: Theory and practice’, Transactions of the Institute of Measurement & Control, 9(1), pp. 25–36. doi: 10.1177/014233128700900105. Radić, J. et al. (2020) ‘Development of the New Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode Modified with FexOy Nanoparticles’, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(21). doi: 10.3390/molecules25215213. Seguí Femenias, Y. et al. (2016) ‘Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions’, Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, pp. 2637–2651. doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0673-8. TOKALIOGLU, Š., KARTAL, S. and SAHIN, U. (2004) ‘Determination of Fluoride in Various Samples and’, Turk J Chem, 28(2), pp. 203–211. Tzimou-Tsitouridou, R., Kabasakalis, B. and Alexiades, C. A. (1985) ‘A new TISAB with Aluminon for fluoride determination in water with ion-selective electrode’, Microchemical Journal, 32(3), pp. 373–382. doi: 10.1016/0026-265X(85)90104-3. Yildiz, Y. et al. (2018) ‘Analytical Chemistry : An Indian Journal Potentiometric Determination of % Fluoride Ion Content ( w / v ) in Toothpastes by Ion Selective Electrode’, 18(August), pp. 0–8. Zohoori, F. V. et al. (2015) ‘Effect of exercise on fluoride metabolism in adult humans: A pilot study’, Scientific Reports, 5, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/srep16905.