Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) has been extensively utilized as an adsorbent over the past few decades. AC has widespread applications, including the removal of different contaminants from water and wastewater, and it is also being used in capacitors, battery electrodes, catalytic supports, and gas storage materials because of its specific characteristics e.g., high surface area with electrical properties. The production of AC from naturally occurring precursors (e.g., coal, biomass, coconut shell, sugarcane bagasse, and so on) is highly interesting in terms of the material applications in chemistry; however, recently much focus has been placed on the use of agricultural wastes (e.g., rice husk) to produce AC. Rice husk (RH) is an abundant as well as cheap material which can be converted into AC for various applications. Various pollutants such as textile dyes, organic contaminants, inorganic anions, pesticides, and heavy metals can be effectively removed by RH-derived AC. In addition, RH-derived AC has been applied in supercapacitors, electrodes for Li-ion batteries, catalytic support, and energy storage, among other uses. Cost-effective synthesis of AC can be an alternative for AC production. Therefore, this review mainly covers different synthetic routes and applications of AC produced from RH precursors. Different environmental, catalytic, and energy applications have been pinpointed. Furthermore, AC regeneration, desorption, and relevant environmental concerns have also been covered. Future scopes for further research and development activities are also discussed. Overall, it was found that RH-derived AC has great potential for different applications which can be further explored at real scales, i.e., for industrial applications in the future.
Highlights
Activated carbon (AC) is a highly porous material, and it has versatile applications in environmental contaminant removal, electrode material preparation, development of supercapacitors, catalytic support for various applications, and energy storage system development [1,2,3,4,5]
Activation of Rice husk (RH) for Various chemical, and 1.73 pyrolysis processes are utilized for the synthesis of AC from RH
1080 mA h/g at a 0.1 C rate after 50 cycles of charge/discharge tests at the current density of 0.2 ◦ C. These results have demonstrated that the RH-derived AC is very promising cathode material for the development of high-performance Li–S batteries
Summary
Activated carbon (AC) is a highly porous material, and it has versatile applications in environmental contaminant removal, electrode material preparation, development of supercapacitors, catalytic support for various applications, and energy storage system development [1,2,3,4,5]. Processes 2020, 8, 203 a highly porous structure, and high thermal stability, as well as high acid and basic stability with different surface functional groups [6]. These properties develop when AC is produced through different physical or chemical activation processes. Many attempts have been put forward for AC production from different low-cost precursors including industrial and agricultural waste [13,14,15,16]. Agricultural solid wastes are very common in every country, and are very cheap resources which can be converted into AC with excellent properties.
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