Abstract
Chemical-based coagulants and flocculants are commonly used in the coagulation–flocculation process. However, the drawbacks of using these chemical materials have triggered researchers to find natural materials to substitute or reduce the number of chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. This study examines the potential application of Nephelium lappaceum seeds as a natural coagulant–coagulant aid with Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) in eliminating suspended solids (SS), colour, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate. Results showed that the efficiency of Nephelium lappaceum was low when used as the main coagulant in the standard jar test. When SnCl4 was applied as a single coagulant, as much as 98.4% of SS, 96.8% of colour and 82.0% of COD was eliminated at an optimal dose of 10.5 g/L and pH 7. The higher removal efficiency of colour (88.8%) was obtained when 8.40 g/L of SnCl4 was applied with a support of 3 g/L of Nephelium lappaceum. When SnCl4 was utilised as a coagulant, and Nephelium lappaceum seed was used as a flocculant, the removal of pollutants generally improved. Overall, this research showed that Nephelium lappaceum seed is a viable natural alternative for treating landfill leachate as a coagulant aid.
Highlights
Landfilling is a very famous, recognised, and effective method for municipal solid waste management globally, owing to its low cost and simple operational mechanisms [1,2,3].Landfill leachate is one of the major issues of landfilling method [3]
Leachate is characterised in terms of pH, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium nitrogen (NH3 -N), heavy metals, and others [4]
The leachate has a temperature in the range of 26.48 ◦ C to 32.07 ◦ C with an average of 29.47 ◦ C, which is within the permissible limit of below 40 ◦ C as stated by the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act
Summary
Landfill leachate is one of the major issues of landfilling method [3]. Leachate is usually generated by water infiltration through the waste; it often includes suspended or dissolved solids from the disposed of materials. Leachate is characterised in terms of pH, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium nitrogen (NH3 -N), heavy metals, and others [4]. The composition of the leachate and the standard effluent quality vary by landfill location and legislation. The composition of leachate is affected by a number of parameters, including waste content, local meteorological conditions, landfill physicochemical conditions, and landfill age [5]. The structure and characteristics of the leachate are the most important elements influencing treatment method selection [6,7]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
