Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,500 chemicals; most of which are highly reactive free radicals, which induce proinflammatory and carcinogenic reactions. Numerous efforts have focused extensively on the role of cigarette smoking as a cause of many diseases. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes have recently received increasing interest for their diagnostic and therapeutic roles in many diseases. However, research done on the role of extracellular vesicles and exosomes on cigarette smoke-induced chronic disease is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the recently addressed roles of extracellular vesicles and exosomes in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and oral cancer. Moreover, their potential utilization and future prospects as diagnostic biomarkers for cigarette smoke-related diseases are described.
Highlights
More than 6 million deaths are attributable to direct tobacco use per year globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2017)
We briefly introduce and summarize the recently addressed roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and oral cancers
Several studies cited the gaps between acute in vitro Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and chronic in vivo CS exposure in smokers [12, 17]
Summary
More than 6 million deaths are attributable to direct tobacco use per year globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Cigarette smoking causes serious health problems associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress and is the most relevant risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and lung and oral cancers [3, 4]. The research focusing on the role of EVs and exosomes in CS exposure-associated chronic diseases is limited; approximately 70 articles on this topic can be found in PubMed and Google Scholar. The pathophysiological and cellular processes implicated in cigarette smoke-triggered exosome release are suggested to be the potential mechanisms that account for cigarette smoke-induced pathogenesis [6]. We briefly introduce and summarize the recently addressed roles of EVs and exosomes in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-related diseases, such as COPD, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and oral cancers. The future prospects and potential utilization of EVs and exosomes as biomarkers for the diagnosis of cigarette smokerelated diseases are described
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