Abstract
Periodontal inflammation is a common inflammatory disease associated with chronic inflammation that can ultimately lead to alveolar attachment loss and bone destruction. Understanding autophagy and pyroptosis has suggested their significant roles in inflammation. In recent years, studies of differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed genes 1 and 2 (Dec1 and Dec2) have shown that they play important functions in autophagy and in pyroptosis, which contribute to the onset of periodontal inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the roles of clock genes, including Dec1 and Dec2, that are related to periodontal inflammation and other diseases.
Highlights
Periodontal inflammation is a prevalent oral disease characterized by chronic inflammation caused by immune responses against various types of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, such as P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and A. actinomycetemcomitans [1]
A periodontal homeostasis imbalance in host–bacteria interactions leads to the initiation and progression of periodontal inflammation, which is regulated by many factors [2]
The periodontium is composed of the alveolar bone, the cementum, and the periodontal ligament (PDL), which connects the cementum to the alveolar bone [5]
Summary
Periodontal inflammation is a prevalent oral disease characterized by chronic inflammation caused by immune responses against various types of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, such as P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and A. actinomycetemcomitans [1]. HPDLFs can produce inflammatory mediators upon pathogenic infections, which attract immune cells including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages that initiate inflammatory responses. Those reactions can further lead to the destruction of collagen and the resorption of alveolar bone [7]. The circadian rhythm is controlled by a series of transcription factors that regulate endogenous oscillations in organisms. Dec and Dec are involved in regulating various physiological and pathological processes including the circadian rhythm, hypoxia, cell proliferation, inflammation, epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT), and carcinogenesis [13]. Dec and Dec participate in immune responses, exhibiting important transcription functions in the inflammation process [22,23]. We summarize recent work on the roles of Dec and Dec regarding the initialization and progression of periodontal inflammation and suggest their therapeutic potential for treating periodontal inflammation
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