Abstract
Influenza A virus induces severe respiratory tract infection and results in a serious global health problem. Influenza infection disturbs the cross-talk connection between lung and gut. Probiotic treatment can inhibit influenza virus infection; however, the mechanism remains to be explored. The mice received Lactobacillus mucosae 1025, Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1026, and their mixture MIX for 19 days. Effects of probiotics on clinical symptoms, immune responses, and gut microbial alteration were evaluated. L. mucosae 1025 and MIX significantly reduced the loss of body weight, pathological symptoms, and viral loading. B. breve CCFM1026 significantly reduced the proportion of neutrophils and increased lymphocytes, the expressions of TLR7, MyD88, TRAF6, and TNF-α to restore the immune disorders. MIX increased the antiviral protein MxA expression, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Mucispirillum, Adlercreutzia, Bifidobacterium, and further regulated SCFA metabolism resulting in an enhancement of butyrate. The correlation analysis revealed that the butyrate was positively related to MxA expression (p < 0.001) but was negatively related to viral loading (p < 0.05). The results implied the possible antiviral mechanisms that MIX decreased viral loading and increased the antiviral protein MxA expression, which was closely associated with the increased butyrate production resulting from gut microbial alteration.
Highlights
Influenza A virus causes many types of host infections, including mammals such as pigs, whales, and humans, induces severe respiratory tract infection, and results in more than 500,000 annual deaths worldwide [1]
To explore the effects of the virus on the body weight of mice during probiotic treatments, the weight change was measured on days 22, 24, 25, and 26 (Figure 2)
The results showed that L. mucosae 1025 and the probiotic mixture had the potential to prevent and suppress weight loss caused by virus infection
Summary
Influenza A virus causes many types of host infections, including mammals such as pigs, whales, and humans, induces severe respiratory tract infection, and results in more than 500,000 annual deaths worldwide [1]. It has been attracted worldwide attention because of the rapid mutation, especially the high mortality and prevalence of animalderived influenza virus. The hemagglutinin of the viral membrane binds to the receptor on the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells and leads to the typical symptoms of infection including fever, headache, fatigue, and anorexia. These symptoms are closely associated with immune responses including innate immunity and adaptive immunity
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