Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, is comprised of two idiopathic chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. As the incidence of IBD increases, so does the need for safe and effective treatments. Trillions of microorganisms are colonized in the mammalian intestine, coevolve with the host in a symbiotic relationship. Gut microbiota has been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. In this regard, phytonutrients flavonoids have received increasing attention for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this review, we address recent advances in the interactions among flavonoids, gut microbiota, and IBD. Moreover, their possible potential mechanisms of action in IBD have been discussed. We conclude that there is a complex interaction between flavonoids and gut microbiota. It is expected that flavonoids can change or reshape the gut microbiota to provide important considerations for developing treatments for IBD.
Highlights
In recent years, some studies have investigated complex and chronic diseases, including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and focused on their association with the gut microbiota in the intestines
The gut microbiota has been widely recognized as a key factor for the intestinal homeostasis and has correlation with the pathogenesis of IBD [220]
The current therapies for IBD are comprised of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, anti-biotics, and biological agents
Summary
Some studies have investigated complex and chronic diseases, including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and focused on their association with the gut microbiota in the intestines. The structures of these compounds comprise of a wide range of compounds ranging from simple monomers to condensed tannins, including (+)-Catechin, (–)-Epicatechin, (–)-Epicatechin-3-gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate [74] The ingested flavonoids, such as phytonutrients, indirectly provide energy and key elements in humans with healthpromoting effects, where the gut microbiota serves a pivotal role. Three plant flavonoids, including quercetin, catechin, and puerarin, were compared in a study for their regulatory functions on gut microbiota in vitro Experimental results suggested their different capacities to regulate the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. Galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and xylose in the form of rhamnosides or rutinosides contribute to the structural diversity of flavonoids, such as hesperidin, naringin, narirutin, and neohesperidin These compounds are needed to be hydrolyzed by enzymes either from gut microbiota or human intestinal enzymes before absorption. 22 strains of Bifidobacterium representative among the eight major species from human origin were found to TABLE 1 | The regulatory effect of flavonoids on the gut microbiota
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