The Potential Role of Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract Treatment in Hematological Parameters in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Sakaewan Ounjaijean,Orawan Sarakul,Voravuth Somsak,Suriyan Sukati,Alemayehu Toma

doi:10.1155/2021/9989862

Sakaewan Ounjaijean, Orawan Sarakul + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9989862

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Abstract

Malaria remains a significant cause of death in tropical and subtropical regions by serious complications with hematological abnormalities consistent with high parasitemia. Hence, this study aimed to determine the efficacy of the Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) on hematological alteration in Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Groups of ICR mice were infected intraperitoneally with parasitized red blood cells of P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA). They were administered orally by gavage of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of GIE for 4 consecutive days. Healthy and untreated groups were given distilled water, while 10 mg/kg of chloroquine was treated as the positive control. Hematological parameters including RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RBC distribution width (RDW), white blood cell (WBC) count, and WBC differential count were measured. The results showed that significant decreases of RBC count, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and reticulocytes were observed in the untreated group, while RDW was significantly increased compared with the healthy control. Furthermore, the WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil of untreated mice increased significantly, while the lymphocyte was significantly decreased compared with the healthy control. Interestingly, GIE normalized the hematological alteration induced by PbANKA infection in GIE-treated groups compared with healthy and untreated groups. The highest efficacy of GIE was observed at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Our results confirmed that GIE presented the potential role in the treatment of hematological alteration during malaria infection.

Highlights

Malaria remains a public health burden caused by a parasite in the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito
red blood cells (RBC) distribution width (RDW) was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the untreated mice than the healthy control. e treatment of infected mice with Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) at a dose of 500 mg/kg and Chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ) restored the altered hematological indices compared with the healthy control. ere were significant (p < 0.05) differences when the hematological indices of the GIE- and CQ-treated groups were compared with those of the untreated mice (Figures 1(a)–1(h), GI500 and CQ). is indicated that the GIE normalized the hematological alteration of RBC generated by P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA) infection
Hematological Alteration of white blood cell (WBC) in GIE-Treated Mice. e alteration of hematological parameters of WBC in PbANKA-infected mice treated with GIE is presented in Figure 2. ere was a significantly (p < 0.05) elevated WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil count, while a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in lymphocytes was observed in untreated groups compared with the healthy control (Figures 2(a)–2(f ), UN). e GIE at a dose of 500 mg/kg and CQ normalized the hematological alteration of WBC during PbANKA infection in mice (Figures 2(a)– 2(e), GI500 and CQ). is implied that GIE restored WBC homeostasis in mice infected with PbANKA

Summary

Introduction

Malaria remains a public health burden caused by a parasite in the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. It is estimated that 90% of malaria-related deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, most of which are children under five years old. E death due to malaria parasite infection is caused by critical complications such as cerebral malaria, severe hemolytic anemia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, liver dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and hematological abnormalities [2]. Malaria-induced hematological abnormalities are associated with hemoglobinopathy, nutritional status, and immunity [3, 4]. Several research studies revealed the increase in development and spread of antimalarial resistance by malaria parasites and toxicities associated with standard antimalarial drugs [5]. The search for alternatives, especially from plants that present an antimalarial and a wide range of biological activities, is urgently needed

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