Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the major mortality risk factors among diabetic patients worldwide. It has been established that most of the cardiac structural and functional alterations in the diabetic cardiomyopathy condition resulted from the hyperglycemia-induced persistent oxidative stress in the heart, resulting in the maladaptive responses of inflammation and apoptosis. Flavonoids, the most abundant phytochemical in plants, have been reported to exhibit diverse therapeutic potential in medicine and other biological activities. Flavonoids have been widely studied for their effects in protecting the heart against diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy. The potential of flavonoids in alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy is mainly related with their remedial actions as anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic agents. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of flavonoid treatments on diabetic cardiomyopathy as well as elucidating the mechanisms involved.
Highlights
Uncontrolled adaptive mechanisms to preserve the integrity the heart. This structural alteration the heartfibrosis a ocyte deaths lead to cardiac remodeling by of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy andcauses myocardial to functionally regress as both diastolic and systolic dysfunction developed, conditions which definecauses th adaptive mechanisms to preserve the integrity of the heart
Extensive cardiomyocyte apoptosis results in the loss of contractile units of the heart. This results in substantial cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, reducing the heart’s ability to contract and relax as normal, which leads to the development of diastolic and systolic dysfunction, eventually leading to heart failure if left without intervention [5]
A pore is formed on the mitochondrial membrane by B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) protein family members, Bax and Bak, which extend across both inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria. This permits the mitochondrial cytochrome c to be released into the cystosolic compartments, in which interaction with apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) forms a complex known as apoptosome
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Diabetic patients are only given therapeutic drugs to manage the hyperglycemic condition (via management with glucose-lowering agents and insulin therapy) and cardiovascular complications (via the administration of beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) [7,8]. These medications have specific toxic side effects, and long-term use of insulin therapy causes decreased insulin receptor sensitivity, resulting in insulin resistance and eventually leading to worsening of control conditions [9]. Based on the search findings, we summarized the articles and integrated the literature search
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