Abstract
In this study, the toxic effects of phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et), which is widely used in cosmetic industry, has been investigated with Allium test by means of physiological, cytogenetic, anatomical and biochemical parameters. To determine the changes in physiological reactions weight gain, relative injury rate, germination percentage and root length were investigated. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathion and catalase levels were analyzed as biochemical parameters for determining the presence of oxidative stress. Mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were studied as cytogenetic evaluation and the anatomical changes in root tip cells were investigated by cross sections. Changes in surface polarity and wettability were investigated by taking contact angle measurements of pressed root preparations. The mechanism of toxicity has been tried to be explained by these contact angles and this is the first study using contact angle measurements in toxicity tests. Consequently, exposure to Phy-Et resulted in a decrease in all measured physiological parameters and in mitotic index. In contrast, significant increases in the micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were observed and the most significant toxic effect was found in 10 mM Phy-Et treated group. Phy-Et application induced oxidative damage and caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde level and a decrease in glutathione level compared to control group. Also a response occured against oxidative damage in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and the activities increased in 2.5 mM and 5 mM Phy-Et treated groups and decreased in 10 mM Phy-Et treated groups. Furthermore, Phy-Et treatment resulted in some anatomical damages and changes such as necrosis, cell deformation and thickening of the cortex cell wall in root tip meristem cells of A. cepa. In the contact angle measurements taken against water, it was found that the wettability and hydrophilicity of the root preparations treated with Phy-Et were reduced, and this was the explanation of the growth abnormalities associated with water uptake. As a result, it was found that Phy-Et application caused toxic effects on many viability parameters and A. cepa test material was a reliable biomarker in determining these effects.
Highlights
Phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et) is a aromatic glycol ether which is produced naturally in green tea and is produced by processing of phenol with ethylene oxide in the laboratory due to its commercial importance
Genotoxic effects of chemicals are investigated by using the main bioindicator parameters such as Mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) frequencies
In control group germination percentage was detected as 100% and in Group IV exposed to 10 mM Phy-Et germination percentage was decreased as 50%
Summary
Phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et) is a aromatic glycol ether which is produced naturally in green tea and is produced by processing of phenol with ethylene oxide in the laboratory due to its commercial importance. Other uses of Phy-Et include shampoos, shaving creams, ultrasound gels, insect repellents, antiseptics, solvents, anesthetics, cellulose acetate solvents, dyes, ink and ink manufacture At higher concentrations it is effective against microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts such as Candida[4,5]. Genotoxic effects of chemicals are investigated by using the main bioindicator parameters such as Mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) frequencies. To determine the genotoxic effects of Phy-Et on MN frequency, MI and CAs formations were studied and anatomical damages in root tip meristem cells were investigated by croos sections. Toxicity studies should be investigated in a multi-parameter manner and all parameters tested should support each other In this respect, the surface polarity affecting water intake of plants was investigated to support the changes in physiological parameters. This study will provide a different perspective for such studies and will be the first in the literature
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