Abstract
Pinene is a secondary plant metabolite that has functional properties as a flavor additive as well as potential cognitive health benefits. Although pinene is present in low concentrations in several plants, it is possible to engineer microorganisms to produce pinene. However, feedstock cost is currently limiting the industrial scale-up of microbial pinene production. One potential solution is to leverage waste streams such as whey permeate as an alternative to expensive feedstocks. Whey permeate is a sterile-filtered dairy effluent that contains 4.5% weight/weight lactose, and it must be processed or disposed of due its high biochemical oxygen demand, often at significant cost to the producer. Approximately 180 million m3 of whey is produced annually in the U.S., and only half of this quantity receives additional processing for the recovery of lactose. Given that organisms such as recombinant Escherichia coli grow on untreated whey permeate, there is an opportunity for dairy producers to microbially produce pinene and reduce the biological oxygen demand of whey permeate via microbial lactose consumption. The process would convert a waste stream into a valuable coproduct. This review examines the current approaches for microbial pinene production, and the suitability of whey permeate as a medium for microbial pinene production.
Highlights
Terpenoids/isoprenoids are multifunctional organic compounds that contribute to an array of applications and are currently used as solvents, fragrances, natural pesticides, lubricants, flavoring agents, and in nutraceutical/medical applications [1,2,3,4]
This review will examine the potential industrial applications of pinene, the current approaches for microbial pinene production, and the suitability of whey permeate as a medium for microbial pinene production
8, 263 production, and the suitability of whey permeate as a medium for microbial pinene production
Summary
Terpenoids/isoprenoids are multifunctional organic compounds that contribute to an array of applications and are currently used as solvents, fragrances, natural pesticides, lubricants, flavoring agents, and in nutraceutical/medical applications [1,2,3,4]. Additional potential commercial applications include uses as a antimicrobial agent, potential use as a jet fuel alternative and functionality as a starting compound for the synthesis of other terpenoids [3,7,8]. Dimerized has a volumetric energy to that ofavailability commercialofjet fuel (JP-10) It is notpinene appliedalso commercially as a fuel at thissimilar time, increased dimerized pinene. This is several combined annual production volume of α and β-pinene is approximately million liters [13] This orders of magnitude less than what would be needed to make a tangible contribution to the jet fuel is several orders of magnitude less than what would be needed to make a tangible contribution to the market, considering that U.S airline carriers consumed 67 billion liters of jet fuel in 2016 [14]. Jet fuel market, considering that U.S airline carriers consumed 67 billion liters of jet fuel in 2016 [14]
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