Abstract
The current crisis of worldwide agglomeration and economic, spatial, and ownership factors, among others, mean that there is usually a shortage of new green areas, which are socially very beneficial. Therefore, various brownfields or degraded lands along public transport routes, e.g., tram lanes, are effectively transformed for this purpose. The significant potential of tram systems is that they can became a backbone of green corridors across the city. This case study of the Warsaw tram system (total length over 300 km of single tracks in service in 2019) enables us to simulate the potential growth of a biologically active area connected with an increasing share of greenery around tram lanes in Warsaw. Experience allows the authors to present the types of greenery systems based on existing and future tram corridors best suited for this city. The suggested usage of tram lanes as green corridors is in line with the generally-accepted concept of urban green infrastructure. Therefore, the aim of the authors is to present in a condensed fashion their views on a very important issue within the program of the revitalization of the Warsaw landscape by converting where possible the existing tram lines, as well as planning new ones according to the “green point of view”.
Highlights
Warsaw, Poland’s capital, has a unique character as it was almost totally destroyed during the German occupation
Trams are a key part of EU public transportation, which is responsible for an annual rate of some 50 billion passengers [40]
In terms of the emissions of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), which poses a great threat to human health and life, a tram is undoubtedly the least harmful compared to a bus or even an underground [28,29,31,41]
Summary
Poland’s capital, has a unique character as it was almost totally destroyed during the German occupation (the World War II period). The use of the multi-factor analysis method at each level of tram route planning and extensive promotional and information campaigns cause tramways to receive more and more social attention, as does the involvement of future passengers in the open debate at the design analysis stage (e.g., [5,7,8,9,10,11]). In this context, it is no exaggeration to say that the tramway as a form of public transport becomes a stimulus for developing and revitalizing cities [4,12]. A skill offutlhtera2n1stfocermntuatriyomn awnitfhesatehduitmsealfniinstsiecvaepraplrsoeavcehretdoytshfeunecnttiiornesc. oTmheprelefoxrec,uilntuthrael2a1nstd natura csetnrtuucrtyu, rtheeoref itshaegurorbwainngfnaeberdictoistrnaenesdfoerdm(ceit.gie.s, t[o1w7–a2rd2s])r.ePsthoerinnogmtheenuarbsaunchlanadsstchaepei’nstensified hgalrombaolnymaignrdatiimonproofvipnegotphlee itnohcaibtiiteasnt(sc’al.iv5i.0ngbiclolinodnitiionn2s0. 3A0)m[o7n],griostihnegrse, naersgkiyllfpurlices, and tsgptrtlharoruenobcsaadtflcuoemhrrgemitrgooaarftdanittoaahiontteiunowuronraifbtlhoparnefeaostfphoahlbuueermrtiecocaenicnssviit[insir2eteoi3scen]d(—acmeapd.oep5nv(r.eo0te.agrbacl.ia,hnl[pldi1too7wnl–at2iihntn2hed]2)ets.0hnc3Paet0hip)raee[enl7rsco]e—o,marmidaespnyinllaieeggxsxehuicnstcu-ethhilrntgaeugysarratpvhtlreaeiadrcniienodsit,uneanssnnatssrdtihuufitormehardeltecnotmalinagp doefgtrhaedaetxioisntionfgthfue nenctviiornonaml aenndt asnpdatliaanldssoclaupteios—nsailnigchitt-ihese,asrtuecdhinasstrtuhme denetnasliatypporfobacuhildings in tcoitnyatcuernatlerressoourrtchees [p2h3]e—noomveernlaopnwoifth“uthrebaanlresapdryawexli”st[i1n3g,1v4a,r2io0u,2s2s,h2o4r].tcomings of the existinOgnfeunocftiothnealeavnedr-sppraetsiaelnstolpurtoiobnlseminsciitsietsh, esuicnhaadsetqhueadtendsietyveolfobpumildenintgosfinucribtyan publi cternatnesrps ortthseypstheemnosm, wenhoinchofm“uursbtancosnprtianwulo”u[1s3ly,14b,2e0,a2d2,a2p4]t.ed to the arising social needs in termOsnoefoqf uthaelietyvear-npdreeseffnitcipernocbylem(es.gi.s, t[h1e,4i,n1a6d,2e5q–u2a7t]e).dIetveisloaplmreeandt yofeustribmanatpeudbltihcat urban ttrraannssppoortrtsysystsetmems,swwhoicrhldmwuidstechoanvtiensuuocuhslay sbiegnaidfaicpatnedt itmo pthaectaorinsitnhgeseoncviailronnemedesnitnthat the taerremrseosfpqounasliibtyleafnodr e2f0fi–c2ie5n%cyo(fe.ggl.o, b[1a,4l ,e1n6,e2r5g–y27c])o.nIstuims aplrteioand,yCeOsti2meamteidsstihoantsutrobathne atmos ttapprhtamahenyreostrispaecpro,uhergletararesteseys,epsgomtoauensamsestoitpsbeuolwrsel—lopufrooPtllrdaMlunw2t)t0ais–d[n22(ete75s.h%–g(e3a..,v5ogpe]f..,ogspFluloyooclcrbyhyatchcayl leceislcsniiecgaenarrrgireofioyamcmsacoaaontntntiisccsi,muhhumyyprddbaprcratoiotnoccoantarnr,brabCotnhonOsesnp2—seo—enPrmvAtPiibrHsAoassnisH)ome, nsdaes)n,nodtatnondtphtduharsedittvuastte(eca.gr (aen.gd., pdairetsiceul lbatuesmesatitserg—raPdMu)a[l2ly7–b35e]c.oFmorinthgesaetrheiansgonos,f uthrbeanpatrsatn[s2p,o3r,6t ,b9a]s.eTdhoenfpurtiuvareteof urban cpaarsssaenndgdeiresterlabnusspeos rist ginravdoulavlelys bfoecuormairnegaastthhinagt aorfethdeepvaestlo[2p,i3n,6g,9v].eTrhyerfauptuidrelyo:f eulrebcatnrification paaustsoengoemr ytr,acnosnpnoertcitnivviotylv,easnfdousrhaarreiansgth[8a]t.are developing very rapidly: electrification, autonoInmlyi,nceownnitehcttivhietyc,oanncdesphtaorifn“gsu[8s]t.ainable transport”, which is increasingly used all ove the wInolrinlde wanitdh itshepcaorntcoefp“t somf “asrutsctaitinieasb”leotfrathnsepfourttu”,rwe,htihche iasimincirseatosincgrelyatueseadpaullbolvicertranspor tshyeswteomrlsdwanitdhisapbaarltaonfc“esdmiamrtpcaitciteso”nosfothcieeftuyt,utrhee, tehnevaiirmonismtoenctr,eaatnedacpluimblaictetr[a5n,3sp6o].rtThere ar saaytttstetememmppststwstoittohcocamobmbailnbaenincseepdescpiimfieccpiaefcinctgoeinnnegseoirncinieegetyrsi,ontlhguetsieoonnlvusi,trisoounncmhs,easnsutl,cianhneadarsctlleiimncheanatierca[t5el,ci3nh6fn]r.aiTcsathrleuircnetfuarrraeestructur wwitihthvvegeegteattaiotino(ne.(ge.,.gg.r,egerneternamtraromutreos—utFeisg—urFeig1)u, raeim1)e,daaimt cerodssaitncgrothsesibnogrdtehrebbeotwrdeeenr betwee tthheearatirfiticfiiacliaanl datnhde ntahteurnalaitnuorradleirntooimrdperrovteothime qpuraolivtye otfhleifeqounaalistoycioalfslciaflee [o2n0,2a1,3s7o]c.ial scal H[2o0w,2e1v,e3r7, ]t.hHisoiswneovtears, itmhipsleistansokt, baesciamuspeleittiasskkn,obwecnatuhsaet uitrbisanknmoowbnilittyhahtaus rtwbaonfamceosb; ility ha otnwtohefaocnees;hoandt,hiet corneaetehsaanndd, siticmreualatteessaencodnsotmimicuglraotewsthe,caonndomonicthgerotwhethr,,itancadnoanlsothe other gitencearnataelsuondgeesnirearbalteesuocnidale,ssipraatbialel, saoncdiaeln,vsiproantimale,natnaldeeffnecvtisro[3n,4m].ental effects [3,4]
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