Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against infectious diseases. About 10 different TLRs have been discovered in chicken that recognize ligands and participate in TLR signaling pathways. Research findings related to TLRs revealed new approaches to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the immune system, patterns of resistance against diseases, and the role of TLR-specific pathways in nutrient metabolism in chicken. In particular, the uses of specific feed ingredients encourage molecular biologists to exploit the relationship between nutrients (including different phytochemicals) and TLRs to modulate immunity in chicken. Phytonutrients and prebiotics are noteworthy dietary components to promote immunity and the production of disease-resistant chicken. Supplementations of yeast-derived products have also been extensively studied to enhance innate immunity during the last decade. Such interventions pave the way to explore nutrigenomic approaches for healthy and profitable chicken production. Additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLRs have shown potential association with few disease outbreaks in chickens. This review aimed to provide insights into the key roles of TLRs in the immune response and discuss the potential applications of these TLRs for genomic and nutritional interventions to improve health, and resistance against different fatal diseases in chicken.
Highlights
Innate and adaptive immunity have been considered as largely separate through complementary mechanisms of defense against microbes (Tipping, 2006)
LPS binds with TLR4 to induce a cascade of signaling pathways following activation of NF-κB that results in pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production (Fukui et al, 2001)
Newcastle Disease In Newcastle disease, a similar expression level of TLR3 and TLR7 is reported in chicken embryo fibroblasts and duck embryonic fibroblasts that activate host innate immune responses upon signaling cues received by pro-inflammatory cytokines and IFNs
Summary
Innate and adaptive immunity have been considered as largely separate through complementary mechanisms of defense against microbes (Tipping, 2006). LPS binds with TLR4 to induce a cascade of signaling pathways following activation of NF-κB that results in pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production (Fukui et al, 2001).
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