Abstract
Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) produces lutein compounds which present biological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimutagenicity, and immunomodulatory effects. The study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the lutein of T. erecta L. and the effect of lutein on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The antioxidant screening was carried out using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-and-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay with serial concentrations and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. For the observation of activity and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, twenty-eight mice were used and divided into seven groups each comprising four replicates, i.e., Group (I) normal controls, mice were untreated (II) a negative control, mice were induced by Staphylococcus aureus (III) positive control, mice were induced by S. aureus and treatment of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri). The treatment group (IV-VII) mice were induced by S. aureus and treated crude lutein, respectively: 0.15 mg, 0.30 mg, 0.60 mg, and 0.90 mg. 20 g−1 of body weight. The lutein extracted from T. erecta shows an antioxidant activity against DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 53.58 μg.ml−1, while the antioxidant activity against ABTS has an IC50 value of 72.91 μg.ml−1. The antioxidant activity test results by the FRAP method at each lutein concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 75 ppm were obtained respectively of 33, 88, 185.5, and 288.5 μmol Fe2+/g extract. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) after. The phagocytic activity was 45.5%; 54.75%; 57.50% and 67.0%, respectively, while the phagocytic capacity values were 355; 519; 611 and 767 S. aureus bacterial cells per 50 macrophage cells. The lutein from marigolds (T. erecta L.) is capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidants. Lutein can increase the activity and capacity of phagocytic of peritoneum macrophage cells in mice.
Highlights
Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) is an annual herbaceous plant commercialized worldwide as an ornamental plant and a natural source of pigment from its yellow/orange flowers
Antioxidant activity is a complex procedure usually happening through several mechanisms and is influenced by many factors, which cannot be fully described with one method
The results of testing for antioxidant potential with the DPPH suppression method showed that the lutein extract of flowers (T. erecta L.) had strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 53.58 μg/ml (Table 1)
Summary
Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) is an annual herbaceous plant commercialized worldwide as an ornamental plant and a natural source of pigment from its yellow/orange flowers. Testing the antioxidant potential of lutein compounds from marigold flowers (T. erecta L.) can be carried out using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The lutein pigment in marigold flowers (T. erecta L.) can act as an immunomodulator, especially to protect the eyes from pathogenic elements such as viruses, bacteria, and infectious diseases intra-ocular inflammation [18]. Previous research conducted in vivo showed that lutein derived from plants with a yellow pigment had an immunomodulatory activity increasing the regeneration of the immune system [8]. This study examined the potential of lutein compounds from marigold flowers (T. erecta L.) as antioxidants using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. This study examined the possibility of lutein extract as an immunomodulator through a non-specific immune system, namely the activity and capacity of phagocytosis of mice’s peritoneal macrophage cells (in vivo) induced by S. aureus
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